javac
NAME
javac - Java compiler SYNOPSIS
javac [ -bootclasspath bootclasspath ] [ -classpath classpath ] [ -d directory ] [ -deprecation ] [ -encoding ] [ -extdirs directories ] [ -g | -g:none | -g:keyword-list ] [ -Joption ] [ -nowarn ] [ -O ] [ -source release [ -sourcepath sourcepath ] [ -target version ] [ -verbose ] [ -X ] [ -Xstdout ] [ -Xswitchcheck ] [ sourcefiles ] [ @files ] PARAMETERS
Options may be in any order. For a discussion of parameters which apply to a specific option, see OPTIONS below. sourcefiles One or more source files to be compiled (such as MyClass.java). @files One or more files that list source files. DESCRIPTION
The javac tool reads class and interface definitions, written in the Java programming language, and compiles them into bytecode class files. There are two ways to pass source code file names to javac: For a small number of source files, simply list the file names on the command line. For a large number of source files, list the the file names in a file, separated by blanks or line breaks. Then use the list file name on the javac command line, preceded by an @ character. Source code file names must have .java suffixes, class file names must have .class suffixes, and both source and class files must have root names that identify the class. For example, a class called MyClass would be written in a source file called MyClass.java and compiled into a bytecode class file called MyClass.class. Inner class definitions produce additional class files. These class files have names combining the inner and outer class names, such as MyClass$MyInnerClass.class. You should arrange source files in a directory tree that reflects their package tree. For example, if you keep all your source files in /workspace, the source code for com.mysoft.mypack.MyClass should be in /workspace/com/mysoft/mypack/MyClass.java. By default, the compiler puts each class file in the same directory as its source file. You can specify a separate destination directory with -d (see OPTIONS, below). SEARCHING FOR TYPES
When compiling a source file, the compiler often needs information about a type it does not yet recognize. The compiler needs type information for every class or interface used, extended, or implemented in the source file. This includes classes and interfaces not explicitly mentioned in the source file but which provide information through inheritance. For example, when you subclass java.applet.Applet, you are also using Applet's ancestor classes: java.awt.Panel, java.awt.Container, java.awt.Component, and java.awt.Object. When the compiler needs type information, it looks for a source file or class file which defines the type. The compiler searches first in the bootstrap and extension classes, then in the user class path. The user class path is defined by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable or by using the -classpath command line option. (For details, see Setting the Class Path.) If you use the -sourcepath option, the compiler searches the indicated path for source files. Otherwise the compiler searches the user class path both for class files and source files. You can specify different bootstrap or extension classes with the -bootclasspath and -extdirs options. See Cross-Compilation Options below. A successful type search may produce a class file, a source file, or both. Here is how javac handles each situation: Search produces a class file but no source file: javac uses the class file. Search produces a source file but no class file: javac compiles the source file and uses the resulting class file. Search produces both a source file and a class file: javac determines whether the class file is out of date. If the class file is out of date, javac recompiles the source file and uses the updated class file. Otherwise, javac just uses the class file. By default, javac considers a class file out of date only if it is older than the source file. (The -Xdepend option specifies a slower but more reliable procedure.) Notice that javac can silently compile source files not mentioned on the command line. Use the -verbose option to trace automatic compilation. OPTIONS
The compiler has a set of standard options that are supported on the current development environment and will be supported in future releases. An additional set of non-standard options are specific to the current virtual machine implementation and are subject to change in the future. Non-standard options begin with -X. STANDARD OPTIONS
-classpath classpath Sets the user class path, overriding the user class path in the CLASSPATH environment variable. If neither CLASSPATH nor -classpath is specified, the user class path consists of the current directory. See Setting the Class Path for more details. If the -sourcepath option is not specified, the user class path is searched for source files as well as class files. -d directory Sets the destination directory for class files. The destination directory must already exist; javac will not create the destination directory. If a class is part of a package, javac puts the class file in a subdirectory reflecting the package name, creating directories as needed. For example, if you specify -d /home/myclasses and the class is called com.mypackage.MyClass, then the class file is called /home/myclasses/com/mypackage/MyClass.class. If -d is not specified, javac puts the class file in the same directory as the source file. Note that the directory specified by -d is not automatically added to your user class path. -deprecation Shows a description of each use or override of a deprecated member or class. Without -deprecation, javac shows the names of source files that use or override deprecated members or classes. -encoding Sets the source file encoding name, such as EUCJIS/SJIS. If -encoding is not specified, the platform default converter is used. -g Generates all debugging information, including local variables. By default, only line number and source file information is generated. -g:none Does not generate any debugging information. -g:keyword-list Generates only some kinds of debugging information, specified by a comma separated list of keywords. Valid keywords are: source Source file debugging information lines Line number debugging information vars Local variable debugging information -nowarn Disables warning messages. -source release Enables support for compiling source code containing assertions. When release is set to 1.4, the compiler accepts code containing assertions. Assertions were introduced in J2SE 1.4. When release is set to 1.3, the compiler does not support assertions. The compiler defaults to the behavior in 1.3 if the -source flag is not used. -sourcepath sourcepath Specifies the source code path to search for class or interface definitions. As with the user class path, source path entries are separated by colons (:) and can be directories, JAR archives, or ZIP archives. If packages are used, the local path name within the directory or archive must reflect the package name. Note that classes found through the classpath are subject to automatic recompilation if their sources are found. -verbose Verbose output. This includes information about each class loaded and each source file compiled. CROSS-COMPILATION OPTIONS By default, classes are compiled against the bootstrap and extension classes of the JDK that javac shipped with. But javac also supports cross-compiling, where classes are compiled against a bootstrap and extension classes of a different Java platform implementation. It is important to use -bootclasspath and -extdirs when cross-compiling; see Cross-Compilation Example below. -bootclasspath bootclasspath Cross-compiles against the specified set of boot classes. As with the user class path, boot class path entries are separated by colons (:) and can be directories, JAR archives, or ZIP archives. -extdirs directories Cross-compiles against the specified extension directories. Directories are a colon-separated list of directories. Each JAR archive in the specified directories is searched for class files. -target version Generates class files that will work on VMs with the specified version. The default is to generate class files to be compatible with the 1.2 VM, with one exception. When the -source 1.4 option is used, the default target is 1.4. The versions supported are: 1.1 Ensures that generated class files will be compatible with 1.1 and 1.2 VMs. 1.2 Generates class files that will run on 1.2 VMs, but will not run on 1.1 VMs. This is the default. 1.3 Generates class files that run on 1.3 and later VMs, but will not run on 1.1 or 1.2 VMs. 1.4 Generate class files that are compatible only with 1.4 VMs. NON-STANDARD OPTIONS -Joption Passes option to the java launcher called by javac. For example, -J-Xms48m sets the startup memory to 48 megabytes. Although it does not begin with -X, it is not a `standard option' of javac. It is a common convention for -J to pass options to the underlying VM executing applications written in Java. Notice that CLASSPATH, -classpath, -bootclasspath, and -extdirs do not specify the classes used to run javac. Tinkering with the implementation of the compiler in this way is usually pointless and always risky. If you do need to do this, use the -J option to pass through options to the underlying java launcher. -X Displays information about non-standard options and exit. -Xstdout Sends compiler messages to System.out. By default, compiler messages go to System.err. -Xswitchcheck Checks switch blocks for fall-through cases and provides a warning message for any that are found. Fall-through cases are cases in a switch block, other than the last case in the block, whose code does not include a break statement, allowing code execution to "fall through" from that case to the next case. For example, the code following the case 1 label in this switch block does not contain a break statement: switch (x) { case 1: System.out.println("1"); // No break; statement here. case 2: System.out.println("2"); } If the -Xswitchcheck flag were used when compiling this code, the compiler would emit a warning about "possible fall-through into case," along with the line number of the case in question. COMMAND LINE ARGUMENT FILES
To shorten or simplify the javac command line, you can specify one or more files that themselves contain one filename per line. This enablesyou to create javac commands of any length on any operating system. An argument file can include javac options and source filenames in any combination. The arguments within a file can be space-separated or newline-separated. Filenames within an argument file are relative to the current directory, not the location of the argument file. Wildcards (*) are not allowed in these lists (such as for specifying *.java). Use of the '@' character to recursively interpret files is not supported. When executing javac, pass in the path and name of each argument file with the '@' leading character. When javac encounters an argument beginning with the character `@', it expands the contents of that file into the argument list. For example, you can list all of the source file names in a file named sourcefiles. This file might look like: MyClass1.java MyClass2.java MyClass3.java You could then run the compiler with: example% javac @sourcefiles EXAMPLES
Compiling a Simple Program One source file, Hello.java, defines a class called greetings.Hello. The greetings directory is the package directory both for the source file and the class file and is off the current directory. This allows us to use the default user class path. It also makes it unnecessary to specify a separate destination directory with -d. example% ls greetings/ example% ls greetings Hello.java example% cat greetings/Hello.java package greetings; public class Hello { public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0; i < args.length; i++) { System.out.println("Hello " + args[i]); } } } example% javac greetings/Hello.java example% ls greetings Hello.class Hello.java example% java greetings.Hello World Universe Everyone Hello World Hello Universe Hello Everyone Compiling Multiple Source Files This example compiles all the source files in the package greetings: example% ls greetings/ example% ls greetings Aloha.java GutenTag.java Hello.java Hi.java example% javac greetings/*.java example% ls greetings Aloha.class GutenTag.class Hello.class Hi.class Aloha.java GutenTag.java Hello.java Hi.java Specifying a User Class Path Having changed one of the source files in the previous example, we recompile it: example% pwd /examples example% javac greetings/Hi.java Since greetings.Hi refers to other classes in the greetings package, the compiler needs to find these other classes. The example above works, because the default user class path happens to be the directory containing the package directory. But suppose you want to recompile this file and not worry about which directory you are in? Then you need to add /examples to the user class path. This can be done by set- ting CLASSPATH, but in this example the -classpath option is used: example% javac -classpath /examples /examples/greetings/Hi.java If you change greetings.Hi again to use a banner utility, that utility also needs to be accessible through the user class path. example% javac -classpath /examples:/lib/Banners.jar \ /examples/greetings/Hi.java To execute a class in greetings, you need access both to greetings and to the classes it uses. example% java -classpath /examples:/lib/Banners.jar greetings.Hi Separating Source Files and Class Files It often makes sense to keep source files and class files in separate directories, especially on large projects. Use the -d option to indicate the separate class file destination. Since the source files are not in the user class path, use -sourcepath to help the compiler find them. example% ls classes/ lib/ src/ example% ls src farewells/ example% ls src/farewells Base.java GoodBye.java example% ls lib Banners.jar example% ls classes example% javac -sourcepath src -classpath classes:lib/Banners.jar \ src/farewells/GoodBye.java -d classes example% ls classes farewells/ example% ls classes/farewells Base.class GoodBye.class Note that the compiler compiled src/farewells/Base.java, even though it was not specified on the command line. To trace automatic compiles, use the -verbose option. Cross-Compilation Example Here the JDK 1.2 javac is used to compile code that will run on a 1.1 VM. example% javac -target 1.1 -bootclasspath jdk1.1.7/lib/classes.zip \ -extdirs "" OldCode.java The -target 1.1 option ensures that the generated class files will be compatible with 1.1 VMs. In JDK 1.2, javac compiles for 1.1 by default, so this option is not strictly required. However, it is good form because other compilers may have other defaults. The JDK 1.2 javac would also by default compile against its own 1.2 bootstrap classes, so it is necessary to tell javac to compile against JDK 1.1 bootstrap classes instead. This is done with -bootclasspath and -extdirs. Failing to do this might allow compilation against a 1.2 API that would not be present on a 1.1 VM and fail at runtime. SEE ALSO
jar(1), java(1), javadoc(1), javah(1), javap(1), jdb(1) See or search the Java web site for the following: The Java Extensions Mechanism @ http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/guide/extensions/index.html Setting the Class Path @ http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/tooldocs/solaris/classpath.html 14 July 2000 javac(1)